कक्षा 12वीं की कंप्यूटर साइंस/आईटी विषय में “Operating Web”, “DBMS” (Database Management System) और “Java” तीन महत्वपूर्ण अध्याय हैं, जो वेब टेक्नोलॉजी, डेटा प्रबंधन, और प्रोग्रामिंग की मूलभूत अवधारणाओं को समझने में सहायता करते हैं।
- Operating Web:
यह अध्याय इंटरनेट, वेब एप्लिकेशन, ऑनलाइन सेवाओं, ई-गवर्नेंस, ऑनलाइन शॉपिंग, और वेब ब्राउज़िंग तकनीकों से संबंधित है। इसमें ऑनलाइन लेन-देन की सुरक्षा और वेब विकास के मूलभूत सिद्धांतों को भी शामिल किया गया है। - DBMS (Database Management System):
यह अध्याय डेटा को संगठित करने, प्रबंधित करने और सुरक्षित रूप से संग्रहीत करने की तकनीकों पर केंद्रित है। इसमें डेटाबेस, टेबल, SQL (Structured Query Language), और डेटा मॉडलिंग की अवधारणाएँ शामिल हैं। - Java:
जावा एक उच्च स्तरीय, ऑब्जेक्ट-ओरिएंटेड प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा है, जिसका उपयोग सॉफ्टवेयर डेवलपमेंट, मोबाइल ऐप्स, और वेब एप्लिकेशन बनाने में किया जाता है। इसमें वेरिएबल्स, डेटा टाइप्स, ऑपरेटर्स, कंट्रोल स्टेटमेंट्स और फंक्शंस जैसे महत्वपूर्ण टॉपिक्स शामिल हैं।
इस दस्तावेज़ में इन तीनों अध्यायों के अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण व संक्षिप्त प्रश्न दिए गए हैं, जो परीक्षा की दृष्टि से सहायक होंगे।
Operating Web 12th Class IT Very Short Questions
Q:- What is a web application?
Ans:- A web application is a program stored on a remote server and accessed through a web browser over the internet.
Q:- Give an example of a web application.
Ans:- Examples include online shopping websites, online banking, and social media platforms.
Q:- What is an online reservation system?
Ans:- An online reservation system allows users to book or cancel tickets for travel, movies, hotels, etc., using the internet.
Q:- Name three types of tickets that can be booked online.
Ans:- Airline tickets, railway tickets, and movie tickets.
Q:- What is one advantage of an online reservation system for consumers?
Ans:- Convenience: Users can book tickets anytime, anywhere.
Q:- What is one advantage of an online reservation system for service providers?
Ans:- Requires less staffing since most processes are automated.
Q:- How can you ensure security while performing online transactions?
Ans:- Use a strong password with a mix of letters, numbers, and special characters.
Q:- What is the first step to booking a train ticket online?
Ans:- Open the railway reservation website (e.g., IRCTC) in a web browser.
Q:- Which website is used for railway ticket booking in India?
Ans:- The official website is https://www.irctc.co.in.
Q:- What details are required to book a railway ticket online?
Ans:- Start station, destination, date of travel, ticket type, seat category, and passenger details.
Q:- How do you create an account on the Indian Railway website?
Ans:- Click on “Sign Up,” fill in the registration form with personal details, and submit it.
Q:- What is e-Governance?
Ans:- The use of information and communication technology (ICT) to deliver government services efficiently.
Q:- Name one example of an e-Governance service.
Ans:- Online tax filing.
Q:- What is the National Portal of India used for?
Ans:- It provides a single platform for citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders to access government services.
Q:- What is the purpose of the India Web Directory website?
Ans:- It provides access to all websites run by the Indian government across different sectors.
Q:- Mention one benefit of online shopping.
Ans:- Saves time by avoiding travel to physical stores.
Q:- What is the first step in online shopping?
Ans:- Open the shopping website where you want to browse or purchase products.
Q:- Name two popular online shopping websites.
Ans:- Amazon and Flipkart.
Q:- What is the role of a shopping cart in online shopping?
Ans:- It allows users to collect and review items before making a purchase.
Q:- Give an example of an online education site.
Ans:- Khan Academy.
Q:- What does Khan Academy offer?
Ans:- Free online video tutorials on subjects like math, science, and economics.
Q:- What is W3Schools used for?
Ans:- It provides free tutorials on web development technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Q:- What is a project?
Ans:- A project is a task undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
Q:- Name one characteristic of a project.
Ans:- A project has a specific start and end date.
Q:- What are the four phases of a web application project?
Ans:- Requirement Definition, Design, Implementation, and Testing.
Q:- What is done in the requirement definition phase?
Ans:- The problem statement and project feasibility are identified.
Q:- What happens in the design phase of a web application?
Ans:- The structure and user interface of the application are planned.
Q:- What is the purpose of the implementation phase?
Ans:- Developers write code to build the web application based on the design.
Q:- Why is testing important in web application development?
Ans:- It ensures the application functions correctly and fixes any errors (bugs).
Q:- What is the main function of eBay as an online platform?
Ans:- It allows users to buy and sell products through auctions and direct purchases.
Unit 3 – Java 12th Class IT Very Short Questions
Q:- What is Java?
Ans:- Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language used to develop applications.
Q:- Name one example of a high-level programming language.
Ans:- Python.
Q:- What is machine language?
Ans:- Machine language is the binary code (0s and 1s) that a computer can directly execute.
Q:- What is the role of a compiler?
Ans:- A compiler translates source code into machine code before execution.
Q:- Define an interpreter.
Ans:- An interpreter translates and executes code line by line.
Q:- What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
Ans:- JVM is a virtual machine that enables Java programs to run on different platforms.
Q:- What is a Java IDE?
Ans:- A Java IDE is a software tool that provides an environment for writing and debugging Java programs.
Q:- What shortcut key is used to run a new project in Java NetBeans?
Ans:- F6.
Q:- What are comments in Java?
Ans:- Comments are non-executable statements used to describe code.
Q:- Name the two types of comments in Java.
Ans:- Single-line (//) and multi-line (/* */) comments.
Q:- Why do we use comments in Java?
Ans:- To improve code readability and documentation.
Q:- What is a package in Java?
Ans:- A package is a collection of related Java classes and interfaces.
Q:- What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?
Ans:- A compiler translates the entire program before execution, whereas an interpreter translates and executes code line by line.
Q:- What is the full form of IDE?
Ans:- Integrated Development Environment.
Q:- Name two popular Java IDEs.
Ans:- Eclipse and NetBeans.
Q:- What is a class name in Java?
Ans:- The name of a class that follows Java naming conventions and should start with an uppercase letter.
Q:- Define a method in Java.
Ans:- A method is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Q:- Which function is used to take output in Java?
Ans:- System.out.println().
Q:- What is the purpose of println() in Java?
Ans:- It prints text to the console with a newline.
Q:- What is a data type in Java?
Ans:- A data type defines the type of data a variable can hold.
Q:- Name two types of data types in Java.
Ans:- Primitive and non-primitive data types.
Q:- What is the difference between primitive and non-primitive data types in Java?
Ans:- Primitive data types store simple values, whereas non-primitive data types store complex objects.
Q:- What does the boolean data type store?
Ans:- True or False values.
Q:- What is the size of the int data type in Java?
Ans:- 32 bits.
Q:- What is the default value of a string variable in Java?
Ans:- null.
Q:- What symbol is used to write a single-line comment in Java?
Ans:- //.
Q:- What are variables in Java?
Ans:- Variables store data that can change during program execution.
Q:- How many bytes does a long data type store in Java?
Ans:- 8 bytes (64 bits).
Q:- Give an example of an integer data type in Java.
Ans:- int age = 25;
Q:- What is the rule for naming variables in Java?
Ans:- Variable names must start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($) and cannot be Java keywords.
Q:- What is the role of the System.out.print() function?
Ans:- It prints text to the console without a newline.
Q:- Name two relational operators in Java.
Ans:- == (equal to), != (not equal to).
Q:- Name two logical operators in Java.
Ans:- && (AND), || (OR).
Q:- Define a string variable.
Ans:- A string variable stores a sequence of characters, e.g., String name = “John”;.
Q:- What is an operator in Java?
Ans:- An operator is a symbol that performs operations on variables and values.
Q:- Name two types of operators in Java.
Ans:- Arithmetic and relational operators.
Q:- What are control flow statements in Java?
Ans:- Statements that control the execution flow of a program.
Q:- How many types of control flow statements are in Java?
Ans:- Three: decision-making, looping, and jump statements.
Q:- What is an if-else statement in Java?
Ans:- A conditional statement that executes different blocks of code based on a condition.
Q:- Write the syntax of an if-else statement.
Ans:- java
CopyEdit
if(condition) {
// code if true
} else {
// code if false
}
Q:- What is a switch statement?
Ans:- A statement that executes one case from multiple choices based on a value.
Q:- Define a loop in Java.
Ans:- A loop is used to execute a block of code multiple times.
Q:- What does a while loop do?
Ans:- It executes a block of code repeatedly while a condition is true.
Q:- How does a do-while loop work?
Ans:- It executes the block at least once before checking the condition.
Q:- How many times does a do-while loop execute at minimum?
Ans:- At least once.
Q:- What is the difference between while and do-while loops?
Ans:- The while loop checks the condition before execution, whereas the do-while loop executes first and checks the condition later.
Q:- What is a for loop?
Ans:- A loop with a fixed number of iterations.
Q:- Name the three parts of a for loop.
Ans:- Initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.
Q:- What is an array in Java?
Ans:- An array is a collection of elements of the same type.
Q:- How do you declare an array in Java?
Ans:- int[] numbers = new int[5];.
Q:- Name a package used for array manipulation.
Ans:- java.util.Arrays.
Q:- What is the use of \t in Java?
Ans:- It inserts a tab space.
Q:- What is the role of methods in Java?
Ans:- Methods define reusable blocks of code.
Q:- What is the use of void in Java?
Ans:- It indicates that a method does not return a value.
Q:- What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Ans:- A programming paradigm based on objects and classes.
Q:- Define a class in Java.
Ans:- A blueprint for creating objects.
Q:- Define an object in Java.
Ans:- An instance of a class.
Q:- What are data members and method members in Java?
Ans:- Data members store attributes, and method members define behaviors.
Q:- What is a constructor in Java?
Ans:- A special method used to initialize an object.
Q:- What are access modifiers in Java?
Ans:- Keywords that define the visibility of a class, method, or variable (e.g., public, private).
Q:- What is exception handling in Java?
Ans:- A mechanism to handle runtime errors using try-catch blocks.
Q:- What is the difference between = and == in Java?
Ans:- = is an assignment operator, while == is a comparison operator.
Q:- What is a wrapper class in Java?
Ans:- A class that converts primitive data types into objects.
Q:- What is the purpose of the finally block in exception handling?
Ans:- It executes code regardless of whether an exception occurs.
Q:- What does the break statement do in Java?
Ans:- It exits a loop or switch statement.
Q:- What is the continue statement used for in Java?
Ans:- It skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration of a loop.
10th Class IT Very Short Questions Answer (Hindi) | CBSE [All Chapter]
Database Concept – RBDBM 12th Class IT Very Short Questions
Q:- What is Data?
ANS:- Data is a collection of raw facts which have not been processed to reveal useful information.
Q:- What is a Database?
Ans:- A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system.
Q:- What is DBMS?
ANS:- A database management system is a collection of programs that enables users to create, maintain and use a database.
Q:- What is Metadata?
ANS:- Metadata is the context of the information, such as table row and column headers in a spreadsheet.
Q:- What are the main characteristics of a DBMS?
ANS:- Self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, and sharing of data.
Q:- Who are End Users in DBMS?
ANS:- Users who use the database for querying, modifying, and generating reports as per their needs.
Q:- Who is a Database Administrator (DBA)?
ANS:- The DBA administers the database and the DBMS, providing technical support and managing access.
Q:- Who are Application Programmers in DBMS?
ANS:- They write application programs to interact with the database using high-level languages and SQL.
Q:- What is a System Analyst in DBMS?
ANS:- A system analyst determines the requirements of end users and develops specifications to meet these requirements.
Q:- What is Data Redundancy?
ANS:- It is the storage of the same information in more than one file, leading to wastage of space.
Q:- What is Data Inconsistency?
ANS:- It occurs when files containing similar information are not updated simultaneously, leading to inconsistency of data.
Q:- What is Lack of Data Integration?
ANS:- It makes accessing information out of multiple files very difficult due to data files being independent.
Q:- What is a Super Key?
ANS:- A Super key is a single key or a group of multiple keys that can uniquely identify tuples in a table.
Q:- What is a Candidate Key?
ANS:- A column or a group of columns that can be used as the primary key of a relation.
Q:- What is a Primary Key?
ANS:- The group of one or more columns used to uniquely identify each row of a relation.
Q:- What is a Foreign Key?
ANS:- A primary key of a base table used in some other table.
Q:- What is an Alternate Key?
ANS:- A candidate key that is not selected as the primary key, providing an alternative unique identifier.
Q:- What is SQL?
ANS:- SQL is a language used to manage data stored in an RDBMS.
Q:- What is DDL in SQL?
ANS:- Data Definition Language, used to define structure and constraints of data.
Q:- What is DML in SQL?
ANS:- Data Manipulation Language, used to insert, modify, and delete data in a database.
Q:- What is a CHAR data type in SQL?
ANS:- Fixed length character string.
Q:- What is a VARCHAR data type in SQL?
ANS:- Variable length character string.
Q:- What is the DATE data type in SQL?
ANS:- Represents a date in the form of YYYY-MM-DD.
Q:- What is the INTEGER data type in SQL?
ANS:- Represents an integer number.
Q:- What is the DECIMAL data type in SQL?
ANS:- Represents a fixed point number.
Q:- What is the CREATE DATABASE command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to create a new database.
Q:- What is the CREATE TABLE command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to create a new table in the database.
Q:- What is the DROP TABLE command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to delete an existing table and its data.
Q:- What is the SHOW TABLES command in SQL?
ANS:- Displays all the tables created in the current database.
Q:- What is the DESC command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to describe the structure and description of tables.
Q:- What is a NOT NULL constraint in SQL?
ANS:- Ensures that a column cannot have NULL values.
Q:- What is a DEFAULT constraint in SQL?
ANS:- Sets a default value for a column.
Q:- What is a CHECK constraint in SQL?
ANS:- Limits the values that can be placed in a column.
Q:- What is a Primary Key constraint in SQL?
ANS:- Uniquely identifies each row in a table.
Q:- What is Referential Integrity in SQL?
ANS:- Ensures that a foreign key value matches a primary key value in another table.
Q:- What is the SET NULL action in referential integrity?
ANS:- Sets the foreign key values to NULL if the referenced primary key is deleted.
Q:- What is the CASCADE action in referential integrity?
ANS:- Deletes or updates the rows in the referencing table when the referenced row is deleted or updated.
Q:- What is the RESTRICT action in referential integrity?
ANS:- Rejects the delete or update operation for the referenced table if there are related foreign key values.
Q:- What is a Self-Referencing Table?
ANS:- A table where a foreign key constraint references columns within the same table.
Q:- What is the INSERT command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to insert a new tuple in a relation.
Q:- What is the UPDATE command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to update the attribute values of one or more tuples in a table.
Q:- What is the DELETE command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to delete one or more tuples from a table.
Q:- What is the SELECT command in SQL?
ANS:- Used to retrieve information from a database.
Q:- What is a Query in MySQL?
ANS:- Any command used to retrieve data from a table.
Q:- What is the COUNT aggregate function in SQL?
ANS:- Counts the number of tuples in the result of a query.
Q:- What is the SUM aggregate function in SQL?
ANS:- Finds the sum of all values for a selected attribute.
Q:- What is the MAX aggregate function in SQL?
ANS:- Finds the maximum value for a selected attribute.
Q:- What is the MIN aggregate function in SQL?
ANS:- Finds the minimum value for a selected attribute.
Q:- What is the AVG aggregate function in SQL?
ANS:- Finds the average value for a selected attribute.
Q:- What is a Row in a database?
ANS:- A single group of related data within a table, also called a Tuple.
Q:- What is a Column in a database?
ANS:- A set of data values of a particular type, one for each row, also called an Attribute.
Q:- What is a Table in a database?
ANS:- A collection of related data held in a table format, also called a Relation.
Q:- What is a Domain in a database?
ANS:- A set of values that can be stored in a column.
Q:- What is Degree in a database relation?
ANS:- The number of attributes in a relation.
Q:- What is Cardinality in a database relation?
ANS:- The number of rows in a relation.
Q:- What is a Self-describing Nature of DBMS?
ANS:- DBMS contains not only the database but also the description of the data it stores.
Q:- What is Program-Data Independence?
ANS:- The definition of data is stored separately in a DBMS, so programs accessing this data need not be modified.
Q:- What is Data Sharing in a DBMS?
ANS:- A multiuser environment allowing multiple users to access the database simultaneously.
Q:- What are Data Constraints in a database?
ANS:- Restrictions on the values stored in a database based on requirements.
Q:- What is an Entity Integrity Constraint?
ANS:- Specifies that the primary key of a relation cannot have a null value.
Q:- What is a Domain Constraint?
ANS:- Specifies that the value of every attribute in each tuple must be from the domain of that attribute.
Q:- What is a Key Constraint?
ANS:- A column or combination of columns used to identify one or more rows in a table.
Q:- What is a Null Value Constraint?
ANS:- Specifies that certain attributes cannot have null values.
Q:- What is Referential Integrity Constraint?
ANS:- Maintains correspondence between rows in parent and child tables.
Q:- What is a Database Catalogue?
ANS:- A place where metadata is stored in a DBMS.
Q:- What is a Data Dictionary in a DBMS?
ANS:- Contains the structure of the data and constraints imposed on the data.
Q:- What is Concurrency Control in a DBMS?
ANS:- Software to allow simultaneous access of data without any inconsistency problems.
Q:- What is Data Redundancy Reduction in a DBMS?
ANS:- Ensures data is stored in a central repository without repetition.
Q:- What is Data Consistency in a DBMS?
ANS:- Ensures a single copy of data is accessed or updated by all users, reducing inconsistencies.
Q:- What is Data Security in a DBMS?
ANS:- Restricting access to confidential information using passwords and access rights.
निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
कक्षा 12वीं की कंप्यूटर साइंस/आईटी विषय में “Operating Web”, “DBMS” (Database Management System) और “Java” जैसे अध्याय आधुनिक तकनीकी ज्ञान को मजबूत बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।
- Operating Web हमें वेब एप्लिकेशन, इंटरनेट सेवाओं और ऑनलाइन लेन-देन की सुरक्षा से परिचित कराता है।
- DBMS डेटा को व्यवस्थित रूप से संग्रहीत करने और प्रबंधित करने की अवधारणाओं को समझने में सहायता करता है।
- Java प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा के रूप में सॉफ्टवेयर विकास की मूलभूत समझ प्रदान करता है और छात्रों को कोडिंग कौशल विकसित करने में मदद करता है।
इन अध्यायों का अध्ययन करके छात्र न केवल तकनीकी कौशल विकसित कर सकते हैं, बल्कि भविष्य में वेब डेवलपमेंट, सॉफ़्टवेयर इंजीनियरिंग, और डेटा साइंस जैसे क्षेत्रों में करियर बनाने के लिए एक मजबूत नींव भी तैयार कर सकते हैं। 🚀